With reference to this border, Polybius states that the "native name" is Ibēr, apparently the original word, stripped of its Greek or Latin -os or -us termination. The fullest description of the treaty, stated in Appian, uses Ibērus. The river appears in the Ebro Treaty of 226 BC between Rome and Carthage, setting the limit of Carthaginian interest at the Ebro. Pliny goes so far as to assert that the Greeks had called "the whole of Spain" Hiberia because of the Hiberus River. The association was so well known it was hardly necessary to state for example, Ibēria was the country "this side of the Ibērus" in Strabo. The Iberian Peninsula has always been associated with the River Ebro (Ibēros in ancient Greek and Ibērus or Hibērus in Latin). Prior to that date, geographers had used the terms Spanish Peninsula or Pyrenaean Peninsula. The modern phrase "Iberian Peninsula" was coined by the French geographer Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent on his 1823 work "Guide du Voyageur en Espagne". Whatever languages may generally have been spoken on the peninsula soon gave way to Latin, except for that of the Vascones, which was preserved as a language isolate by the barrier of the Pyrenees. (The name "Iberia" was ambiguous, being also the name of the Kingdom of Iberia in the Caucasus.) Strabo says that the Romans use Hispania and Iberia synonymously, distinguishing between the near northern and the far southern provinces. At the time Hispania was made up of three Roman provinces: Hispania Baetica, Hispania Tarraconensis, and Hispania Lusitania. Īs they became politically interested in the former Carthaginian territories, the Romans began to use the names Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior for 'near' and 'far' Hispania. Īlso since Roman antiquity, Jews gave the name Sepharad to the peninsula. In Greek and Roman antiquity, the name Hesperia was used for both the Italian and Iberian Peninsula in the latter case Hesperia Ultima (referring to its position in the far west) appears as form of disambiguation from the former among Roman writers. The Roman geographers and other prose writers from the time of the late Roman Republic called the entire peninsula Hispania. Virgil refers to the Ipacatos Hiberos ("restless Iberi") in his Georgics.
The first mention in Roman literature was by the annalist poet Ennius in 200 BC. Hiber (Iberian) was thus used as a term for peoples living near the river Ebro. This word was derived from the river Hiberus (now called Ebro or Ebre). The Latin word Hiberia, similar to the Greek Iberia, literally translates to "land of the Hiberians". The confusion of the words was because of an overlapping in political and geographic perspectives. Strabo refers to the Carretanians as people "of the Iberian stock" living in the Pyrenees, who are distinct from either Celts or Celtiberians.Īccording to Charles Ebel, the ancient sources in both Latin and Greek use Hispania and Hiberia (Greek: Iberia) as synonyms. Elsewhere he says that Saguntum is "on the seaward foot of the range of hills connecting Iberia and Celtiberia."
Polybius respects that limit, but identifies Iberia as the Mediterranean side as far south as Gibraltar, with the Atlantic side having no name. Herodotus of Halicarnassus says of the Phocaeans that "it was they who made the Greeks acquainted with Iberia." According to Strabo, prior historians used Iberia to mean the country "this side of the Ἶβηρος" ( Ibēros, the Ebro) as far north as the Rhône, but in his day they set the Pyrenees as the limit. Hecataeus of Miletus was the first known to use the term Iberia, which he wrote about circa 500 BC. The ancient Greeks reached the Iberian Peninsula, of which they had heard from the Phoenicians, by voyaging westward on the Mediterranean. With the fall of the Roman Empire and the consolidation of romanic languages, the word "Iberia" continued the Roman word "Hiberia" and the Greek word "Ἰβηρία". It was Strabo who first reported the delineation of "Iberia" from Gaul ( Keltikē) by the Pyrenees and included the entire land mass southwest (he says "west") from there. At that time, the name did not describe a single geographical entity or a distinct population the same name was used for the Kingdom of Iberia, natively known as Kartli in the Caucasus, the core region of what would later become the Kingdom of Georgia. The word Iberia is a noun adapted from the Latin word "Hiberia" originating in the Ancient Greek word Ἰβηρία ( Ibēríā), used by Greek geographers under the rule of the Roman Empire to refer to what is known today in English as the Iberian Peninsula. Iberian Peninsula and southern France, satellite photo on a cloudless day in March 2014 Greek name
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